ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION:
Remarks
of Secretary of State,
George
C. Marshall at Harvard, June 5, 1947
“The
truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four
years of foreign food and other essential products--principally from
America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have
substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political
deterioration of a very grave character.
The
remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the
European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as
a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and
willing to exchange their products for currencies, the continuing value of
which is not open to question.”
Truman Doctrine: 1947
The U.S. should give economic
aid to countries where communism threatens to take over (especially Greece and
Turkey).
The Truman
doctrine creates the
“two worlds” theory crucial to
understanding the Cold War.
Marshall Plan:
Greece:
$277 million
Turkey:
$225 million
France:
$2.7 billion
West
Germany: $1.3 billion
Italy:
$1.5 billion
England:
$3 billion
How much did the Marshall Plan
really remake Europe?
Economically:
2% of GDP
Symbolically:
(much more)
Diplomatic
Recon:
1. Churchill, FDR, and Stalin at Yalta: February of 1945
2. Atlee, Truman, and Stalin at
Potsdam, July, 1945
POST WAR PEACE?
United Nations: 1945
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
PREAMBLE:
Whereas
recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of
all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace
in the world,
Berlin Airlift
“Wir danken dem
Bewahrer unserer Freiheit”
(“We thank the Preserver of our Freedom.”)
POST WAR WAR?
NATO(1949)
and the Warsaw Pact
Purpose of
NATO?
(1st
Secretary General of NATO)
Berlin Wall:
June of 1961=
"Niemand hat die Absicht,
eine Mauer zu errichten!"
(No one has the intention of erecting a wall!).
COLD WAR AT HOME:
HUAC Hearings: 1947
(House Committee on Un-American
Activities)
TESTIMONY
OF JACK L. WARNER . . .
Ideological termites have burrowed into many
American industries, organizations, and societies. Wherever they may be, I say
let us dig them out and get rid of them. My brothers and I will be happy to
subscribe generously to a pest-removal fund. We are willing to establish such a
fund to ship to Russia the people who don’t like our American system of
government and prefer the communistic system to ours.
That’s how strongly we feel about the
subversives who want to overthrow our free American system.
If there are Communists in our industry, or any
other industry, organization, or society who seek to undermine our free
institutions, let’s find out about it and know who they are. Let the record be
spread clear, for all to read and judge. The public is entitled to know the
facts. And the motion-picture industry is entitled to have the public know the
facts.
Our company is keenly aware of its
responsibilities to keep its product free from subversive poisons. With all the
vision at my command, I scrutinize the planning and production of our motion
pictures. It is my firm belief that there is not a Warner Bros. picture that
can fairly be judged to be hostile to our country, or communistic in tone or
purpose.
Many charges, including the fantasy of “White
House pressure” have been leveled at our wartime production Mission to
Moscow. In my previous appearance before members of this committee, I
explained the origin and purposes of Mission to Moscow.
That picture was made when our country was fighting
for its existence, with Russia as one of our allies. It was made to fulfill the
same wartime purpose for which we made such other pictures as Air Force,
This Is the Army, Objective Burma, Destination Tokyo, Action
in the North Atlantic, and a great many more.
If making Mission to Moscow in 1942 was a
subversive activity, then the American Liberty ships which carried food and
guns to Russian allies and the American naval vessels which convoyed them were
likewise engaged in subversive activities. The picture was made only to help a
desperate war effort and not for posterity. . . .
Mr. STRIPLING. Well, is it your opinion now, Mr.
Warner, that Mission to Moscow was a factually correct picture, and you
made it as such?
Mr. WARNER. I can’t remember.
Mr. STRIPLING. Would you consider it a
propaganda picture?
Mr. WARNER. A propaganda picture—
Mr. STRIPLING. Yes.
Mr. WARNER. In what sense?
Mr. STRIPLING. In the sense that it portrayed
Russia and communism in an entirely different light from what it actually was?
Mr. WARNER. I am on record about 40 times or
more that I have never been in Russia. I don’t know what Russia was like in
1937 or 1944 or 1947, so how can I tell you if it was right or wrong?
Mr. STRIPLING. Don’t you think you were on
dangerous ground to produce as a factually correct picture one which portrayed
Russia—
Mr. WARNER. No; we were not on dangerous ground
in 1942, when we produced it. There was a war on. The world was at stake.
Mr. STRIPLING. In other words—
Mr. WARNER. We made the film to aid in the war
effort, which I believe I have already stated.
Mr. STRIPLING. Whether it was true or not?
Mr. WARNER. As far as I was concerned, I
considered it true to the extent as written in Mr. Davies' book.
Mr. STRIPLING. Well, do you suppose that your
picture influenced the people who saw it in this country, the millions of
people who saw it in this country?
Mr. WARNER. In my opinion, I can’t see how it
would influence anyone. We were in war and when you are in a fight you don’t
ask who the fellow is who is helping you.
Mr. STRIPLING. Well, due to the present
conditions in the international situation, don’t you think it was rather
dangerous to write about such a disillusionment as was sought in that picture?
Mr. WARNER. I can’t understand why you ask me
that question, as to the present conditions. How did I, you, or anyone else
know in 1942 what the conditions were going to be in 1947. I stated in my
testimony our reason for making the picture, which was to aid the war
effort—anticipating what would happen.
Joseph McCarthy (Senator from Wisconsin)
Army-McCarthy Hearings: 1954
No comments:
Post a Comment